Guns, Growth, and the German Reinvention of Military Keynesianism

In March 2025, Germany did more than loosen a fiscal rule. It fused two national emergencies — a deteriorating European security order and a deteriorating industrial model — into a single constitutional bargain. The reform de facto exempted German defense expenditure from any domestic budgetary ceiling — as the German Bundesbank itself has acknowledged — and enabled a military expansion of extraordinary proportions. E.U. debt rules of 3 percent of GDP for annual government deficits and 60 percent for public debt technically still apply — though 14 out of the 27 Eurozone countries are not expected to meet these rules The post Guns, Growth, and the German Reinvention of Military Keynesianism appeared first on War on the Rocks.

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